Covid-19 ethics literature

Introduction

Responses to the Covid-19 pandemic generated numerous ethical challenges, including topics related to public health measures, vaccine distribution, and triage. ISPH collated many of the academic papers written on these topics.

A selection of published papers are listed below under the headings of:

• Surveillance, isolation, and social distancing
• Duties of healthcare workers and duties to healthcare workers in a pandemic
• Pandemics and social policy
• Clinical ethics
• Triage
• Criteria and methods for priority setting
• Management and priority setting
• Population level priority setting
• Evidence-based priority setting
• Distributive justice
• Fair and legitimate process

Surveillance, Isolation, and Social Distancing

Julian Savulescu and James Cameron, “Why Lockdown of the Elderly is Not Ageist and Why Levelling Down Equality is Wrong,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 19, 2020.

Suerie Moon et al., “Continued Confinement of Those Most Vulnerable to COVID-19,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Stephen John, “The Ethics of Lockdown: Communication, Consequences, and the Separateness of Persons,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Matthew Bennett, “Should I Do as I’m Told? Trust, Experts, and COVID-19,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Eric Winsberg, Jason Brennan, and Chris W. Surprenant, “How Government Leaders Violated Their Epistemic Duties during the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Thaddeus Metz, “What Does an African Ethic of Social Cohesion Entail for Social Distancing?” Bioethics, June 8, 2020.

Kunal Vakharia, “The Right to Know: Ethical Implications of Antibody Testing for Healthcare Workers and Overlooked Societal Implications,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 3, 2020.

Henry T. Greely, “COVID-19 Immunity Certificates: Science, Ethics, Policy, and Law,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, May 28, 2020.

Vicki Xafis et al., “The Perfect Moral Storm: Diverse Ethical Considerations in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Asian Bioethics Review, May 28, 2020.

Jessica Morley et al., “Ethical Guidelines for COVID-19 Tracing Apps,” Nature, May 28, 2020.

I. Glenn Cohen, Lawrence O. Gostin, and Daniel J. Weitzner, “Digital Smartphone Tracking for COVID-19: Public Health and Civil Liberties in Tension,” JAMA, May 27, 2020.

Natalie Kofler and Françoise Baylis, “Ten Reasons Why Immunity Passports are a Bad Idea,” Nature, May 21, 2020.

Julian Savulescu, Ingmar Perrson, and Dominic Wilkinson, “Utilitarianism and the Pandemic,” Bioethics, May 20, 2020.

Amy Fairchild, Lawrence Gostin, and Ronald Bayer, “Vexing, Veiled, and Inequitable: Social Distancing and the ‘Rights’ Divide in the Age of COVID-19,” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 19, 2020.

Alex Dubov and Steven Shoptaw, “The Value and Ethics of Using Technology to Contain the COVID-19 Epidemic,” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 18, 2020.

Vera Lucia Raposo, “Can China’s ‘Standard of Care’ for COVID-19 be Replicated in Europe?” Journal of Medical Ethics, May 18, 2020.

Michelle M. Mello and C. Jason Wang, “Ethics and Governance for Digital Disease Surveillance,” Science, May 11, 2020.

Natalie Ram and David Gray, “Mass Surveillance in the Age of COVID-19,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, May 8, 2020.

Ole F. Norheim, “Protecting the Population with Immune Individuals,” Nature Medicine, May 7, 2020.

Govind Persad and Ezekiel J. Emanuel, “The Ethics of COVID-19 Immunity-Based Licenses (‘Immunity Passports’),” JAMA, May 6, 2020.

Mark A. Hall and David M. Studdert, “Privileges and Immunity Certification During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” JAMA, May 6, 2020.

Alexandra L. Phelan, “COVID-19 Immunity Passports and Vaccination Certificates: Scientific, Equitable, and Legal Challenges,” The Lancet, May 4, 2020.

Michael J. Parker et al., “Ethics of Instantaneous Contract Tracing Using Mobile Phone Apps in the Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of Medical Ethics, May 4, 2020.

Lawrence O. Gostin and Lindsay F. Wiley, “Government Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stay-at-Home Orders, Business Closures, and Travel Restrictions,” JAMA, April 2, 2020.

Lawrence O. Gostin, Eric A. Friedman, and Sarah A. Wetter, “Responding to COVID-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically,” Hastings Center Report (March-April 2020).

Joseph A. Lewnard and Nathan C. Lo, “Scientific and Ethical Basis for Social-Distancing Interventions Against COVID-19,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, March 23, 2020.

Zackary D. Berger et al., “COVID-19: Control Measures Must be Equitable and Inclusive,” BMJ, March 20, 2020.

Maxwell Smith and Ross Upshur, “Pandemic Disease, Public Health, and Ethics,” in The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, edited by Anna C. Mastroianni, Jeffrey P. Kahn, and Nancy E. Kass (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).

Nancy Baum, Peter Jacobson, and Susan Goold, “‘Listen to the People:’ Public Deliberation About Social Distancing Measures in a Pandemic,” American Journal of Bioethics 9 (2009): 4-14.

Duties of Healthcare Workers and Duties To Healthcare Workers in a Pandemic

Udo Schuklenk, “What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat during a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 20, 2020.

Caitríona L. Cox, “‘Healthcare Heroes’: Problems with Media Focus on Heroism from Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 16, 2020.

Doug McConnell and Dominic Wilkinson, “Compensation and Hazard Pay for Key Workers During an Epidemic: An Argument from Analogy,” Journal of Medical Ethics, May 28, 2020.

Thomas D. Harter et al., “COVID-19 and Financial Vulnerability: What Health Care Organizations and Society Owe Each Other,” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 20, 2020.

Georgina Morley et al., “COVID-19: Ethical Challenges for Nurses,” The Hastings Center Report, May 14, 2020.

Maxwell Smith and Ross Upshur, “Pandemic Disease, Public Health, and Ethics,” in The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, edited by Anna C. Mastroianni, Jeffrey P. Kahn, and Nancy E. Kass (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).

S. Damery et al., “Healthcare Workers’ Perceptions of the Duty to Work During an Influenza Pandemic,” Journal of Medical Ethics 36 (2010): 12-18.

Heather Draper et al., “Non-Professional Healthcare Workers and Ethical Obligations to Work during Pandemic Influenza,” Public Health Ethics 3 (2010): 23-34.

Jonathan Ives et al., “Healthcare Workers’ Attitudes to Working During Pandemic Influenza: A Qualitative Study,” BMC Public Health 9 (2009).

Howard Brody and Eric N. Avery, “Medicine’s Duty to Treat Pandemic Illness: Solidarity and Vulnerability,” The Hastings Center Report 39 (2009): 40-48.

Carl H. Coleman, “Beyond the Call of Duty: Compelling Health Care Professionals to Work During an Influenza Pandemic,” Iowa Law Review 94 (2008).

Carl H. Coleman and Andreas Reis, “Potential Penalties for Health Care Professionals Who Refuse to Work During a Pandemic,” JAMA 1471 (2008).

Heidi Malm et al., “Ethics, Pandemics, and the Duty to Treat,” American Journal of Bioethics 8 (2008): 4-19.

Tom Tomlinson, “Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue?” Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (2008): 458-462.

Samuel J. Huber and Matthew K. Wynia, “When Pestilence Prevails…Physician Responsibilities in Epidemics,” American Journal of Bioethics 4(2004): 5-11.

Pandemics and Social Policy

Jordan Pascoe and Mitch Stripling, “Surging Solidarity: Reorienting Ethics for Pandemics,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Natalia Shok and Nadezhda Beliakova, “How Soviet Legacies Shape Russia’s Response to the Pandemic: Ethical Consequences of a Culture of Non-Disclosure,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Nathan Jun and Mark Lance, “Anarchist Responses to a Pandemic: The COVID-19 Crisis as a Case Study in Mutual Aid,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Daniel S. Goldberg, “Structural Stigma, Legal Epidemiology, and COVID-19: The Ethical Imperative to Act Upstream,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Ryan H. Nelson and Leslie P. Francis, “Intellectual Disability and Justice in a Pandemic,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Lauren Lyons, “Incarceration, COVID-19, and Emergency Release: Reimagining How and When to Punish,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Sean A. Valles, “The Predictable Inequities of COVID-19 in the US: Fundamental Causes and Broken Institutions,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, June 17, 2020.

Zubaida Haque, Sophie Harman, and Clare Wenham, “If We Do Not Address Structural Racism, Then More Black and Minority Ethnic Lives Will be Lost,” The BMJ Opinion, June 8, 2020.

Carlo Alfredo Clerici, Tullio Proserpio, and Costanza Raimondi, “Costs and Values: What Can We Learn from the COVID-19 Pandemic?” Bioethics.net, June 8, 2020.

Samia Hurst, “Accepting Trust for Pandemic Response: We Need Leaders to Think Twice,” Journal of Medical Ethics Blog, June 7, 2020.

Victor Larcher and Joe Brierley, “Children of COVID-19: Pawns, Pathfinders or Partners?” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 5, 2020.

Marisa K. Dowling and Robin L. Kelly, “Policy Solutions for Reversing the Color-blind Public Health Response to COVID-19 in the US,” JAMA, June 4, 2020.

Jonathan Michaels, “Don’t Blame the Science,” Journal of Medical Ethics Blog, June 4, 2020.

Jennifer Prah Ruger, “Positive Public Health Ethics: Toward Flourishing and Resilient Communities and Individuals,” The American Journal of Bioethics, June 2, 2020.

Ruqaiijah Yearby and Seema Mohapatra, “Law, Structural Racism, and the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, May 30, 2020.

Dainius Pūras et al., “The Right to Health Must Guide Responses to COVID-19,” The Lancet, May 29, 2020.

Neil Levy and Julian Savulescu, “Epistemic Responsibility in the Face of a Pandemic,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, May 28, 2020.

Tia Powell and Elizabeth Chuang, “COVID in NYC: What We Could Do Better,” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 28, 2020.

Julia Lynch, “Health Equity, Social Policy, and Promoting Recovery from COVID-19,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, May 28, 2020.

Nicole Huberfeld, Sarah H. Gordon, and David K. Jones, “Federalism Complicates the Response to the COVID-19 Health and Economic Crisis: What Can be Done?” Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, May 28, 2020.

Zinzi D. Bailey and J. Robin Moon, “Racism and the Political Economy of COVID-19: Will We Continue to Resurrect the Past?” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, May 28, 2020.

Philip M. Alberti, Paula M. Lantz, and Consuelo H. Wilkins, “Equitable Pandemic Preparedness and Rapid Response: Lessons from COVID-19 for Pandemic Health Equity,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, May 28, 2020.

Harold A. Pollack, “Disaster Preparedness and Social Justice in a Public Health Emergency,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, May 28, 2020.

Craig Klugman, “Lessons Learned and Ignored in a Pandemic,” Bioethics.net, May 28, 2020.

Caesar Atuire and Sridhar Venkatapuram, “Report from Sub-Sarahan Africa: “When the Health Fundamentals Are Weak, COVID-19 Will Expose You,” Bioethics Forum, May 22, 2020.

Zoe Fritz et al., “Ethical Road Map Through the COVID-19 Pandemic,” BMJ, May 21, 2020.

Derek Soled, Michelle Bayefsky, and Rahul Nayak, “When Does the Cure Become Worse Than the Disease? Applying Cost-Benefit Analysis to the COVID-19 Recovery,” Journal of Medical Ethics Blog, May 19, 2020.

Bruce Jennings, “Beyond the COVID Crisis – A New Social Contract with Public Health,” Bioethics Forum, May 19, 2020.

Elizabeth Chloe Romanis, Jordan Parsons, and Nathan Hodson, “COVID-19 and Reproductive Justice in Great Britain and the United States: Ensuring Access to Abortion Care during a Global Pandemic,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, May 18, 2020.

Benjamin Mason Meier and Judith Bueno De Mesquita, “Realizing the Right to Health Must be the Foundation of the COVID-19 Response,” Universal Rights Group Blog, May 6, 2020.

Daisy Cheung and Eric C. Ip, “What are the Obligations of the State? A Public Mental Health Ethics Perspective on the COVID-19 Lockdowns,” Journal of Medical Ethics Blog, May 6, 2020.

Gregg Gonsalves and Amy Kapczynski, “The New Politics of Care,” Boston Review, April 27, 2020.

Kieran Oberman, “COVID-19 Prisoner Releases are not a Matter of Mercy, but of Justice,” World Economic Forum, April 27, 2020.

Archon Fung, “COVID-19 Requires More Democracy, Not Less,” Boston Review, April 23, 2020.

Nancy Berlinger, “Immigrants, Health Inequities, and Social Citizenship in COVID-19 Response and Recovery,” Bioethics Forum, April 23, 2020.

Working Group Ethics, Public Health Ethics and COVID-19, April 22, 2020.

Joseph Margulies, “Let the People Go,” Boston Review, April 20, 2020.

Françoise Baylis, “U.S. and Canada: Being Good Neighbors in the Pandemic,” Bioethics Forum, April 14, 2020.

Matthew Adler and James Hammitt, “A Better Way to Grapple with Benefit-Cost Tradeoffs in a Pandemic,” The Hill, April 13, 2020.

Michael J. Sandel, “Are We All In This Together?” The New York Times, April 13, 2020.

“Restarting America Means People Will Die. So When Do We Do It?” The New York Times Magazine, April 10, 2020.

Brishen Rogers, “Work After Quarantine,” Boston Review, April 7, 2020.

Peter Singer and Michael Plant, “When Will the Pandemic Cure Be Worse Than the Disease?” Project Syndicate, April 6, 2020.

Regina Rini, “When to Think Like a Utilitarian,” Times Literary Supplement, April 1, 2020.

Verina Wild et al., “Responding to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Experiences of an Ad Hoc Public Health Ethics Consultation,” Journal of the Medical Ethics Blog, April 1, 2020.

Lawrence O. Gostin, Eric A. Friedman, and Sarah A. Wetter, “Responding to COVID-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically,” Hastings Center Report (March-April 2020).

Alicia Ely Yamin and Roojin Habibi, “Human Rights and Coronavirus: What’s at Stake for Truth, Trust, and Democracy?” Health and Human Rights Journal, March 1, 2020.

Nita Madhav et al., “Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation,” in Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty,” 3rd Edition, Edited by D.T. Jamison et al. (Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 2017).

Lori Uscher-Pines et al, “Planning for an Influenza Pandemic: Social Justice and Disadvantaged Groups,” The Hastings Center Report 37 (2007): 32-39. 

Clinical Ethics

Wilkinson D, “Frailty Triage: Is Rationing Intensive Medical Treatment on the Grounds of Frailty Ethical?”, The American Journal of Bioethics, 2021.

Dao B et al., “Ethical Factors determining ECMO allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic”, BMC Medical Ethics (22), June 2021.

Rorvig L, Williams B, “Providing Ethical and Humane Care to Hospitalized, Incarcerated Patients With COVID-19”, American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, February 10, 2021.

Murano MC, Maglio M, Foureur N, “Clinical Ethics Consultation during the First COVID-19 Lock Down in France: The “Commitment Model”: Balancing General Questions and Individual Cases.”, The Journal of Clinical Ethics, 01 January 2021.

Bardon E, “An ethical approach to considering family presence during COVID-19”, Healthcare Management Forum, December 23, 2020.

Elsner AM, “After COVID-19: The Way We Die from Now On”, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, December 20, 2020.

Reynolds et al., “Against Personal Ventilator Reallocation”, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, October 30, 2020.

Silvia Camporesi and Maurizio Mori, “Ethicists, Doctors and Triage Decisions: Who Should Decide? And on What Basis?” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 10, 2020.

Lucia Craxì et al., “Rationing in a Pandemic: Lessons from Italy,” Asian Bioethics Review, June 16, 2020.

Lynette Reid, “Triage of Critical Care Resources in COVID-19: A Stronger Role for Justice,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 16, 2020.

Benjamin Herreros, “Triage During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Spain: Better and Worse Ethical Arguments,” Journal of Medical Ethics, May 18, 2020.

Andrew Peterson, Emily A. Largent, and Jason Karlawish, “Ethics of Reallocating Ventilators in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” BMJ, May 12, 2020.

Kathleen Liddell et al., “Who Gets the Ventilator? Important Legal Rights in a Pandemic,” Journal of Medical Ethics, May 11, 2020.

Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna et al., “The Role of Palliative Medicine in ICU Bed Allocation in COVID-19: A Joint Position Statement of the Singapore Hospice Council and the Chapter of Palliative Medicine Physicians,” Asian Bioethics Review, June 1, 2020.

Susan Dorr Goold, “The COVID-19 Pandemic: Critical Care Allocated in Extremis,” The American Journal of Bioethics, April 24, 2020.

Laurence B. McCullough, “In Response to COVID-19 Pandemic Physicians Already Know What to Do,” The American Journal of Bioethics, April 23, 2020.

Douglas B. White and Bernard Lo, “A Framework for Rationing Ventilators and Critical Care Beds During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” JAMA, March 27, 2020.

Douglas B. White et al., “Who Should Receive Life Support During a Public Health Emergency? Using Ethical Principles to Improve Allocation Decisions,” Annals of Internal Medicine, January 20, 2009.

Armand H. Matheny Antommaria et al., “Ethical Issues in Pediatric Emergency Mass Critical Care,” Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 12 (2011): S163-S168.

Triage

Vinay R et al., “Ethics of ICU triage during COVID-19”, British Medical Bulletin, June, 2021.

Sarmento JT et al., “What is common and what is different: recommendations from European scientific societites for triage in the first outbreak of COVID-19”, Journal of Medical Ethics, May 12, 2021.

Barilan YM, “Allocation of Respirators in the Coronavirus Crisis in Israel: An Ethical Analysis and a Scheme for Triage”, The Israel Medical Association Journal, May, 2021.

Kuylen et al., “Should age matter in COVID-19 triage? A deliberative study”, Journal of Medical Ethics, March 9, 2021.

Tham J, Melahn L, Baggot M, “Withdrawing critical care from patients in a triage situation”, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy (24), January 2021.

Booke H and Booke M, “Medical Triage During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Medical and Ethical Burden”, The Journal of Clinical Ethics, January 01, 2021.

Ehni et al., “Saving the most lives – A comparison of European triage guidelines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic”, bioethics, December 16, 2020.

Keymanthri Moodley et al., “What Could ‘Fair Allocation’ During the COVID-19 Crisis Possibly Mean in Sub-Saharan Africa?” Hastings Center Report, June 29, 2020.

Hans Flaatten et al., “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Pandemic Priority Decisions and Triage,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 10, 2020.

Samuel Gorovitz, “Ventilators, Guidelines, Judgment, and Trust,” Hastings Center Report, June 29, 2020.

J.A. Singh and K. Moodley, “Critical Care Triaging in the Shadow of COVID-19: Ethics Considerations,” South African Medical Journal, April 16, 2020.

James Tabery et al. “Ethics of Triage in the Event of an Influenza Pandemic,” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2 (2008): 114-118.

Michael D. Christian et al., “Development of a Triage Protocol for Critical Care During an Influenza Pandemic,” CMAJ 175 (2006): 1377-81.

Robert D. Truog, Christine Mitchell, and George Q. Daley, “The Toughest Triage – Allocating Ventilators in a Pandemic,” New England Journal of Medicine, March 23, 2020.

Dominic Wilkinson, “ICU Triage in an Impending Crisis: Uncertainty, Pre-Emption, and Preparation,” Journal of Medical Ethics, April 1, 2020.

Mildred Z. Solomon, Matthew K. Wynia, and Lawrence O. Gostin, “COVID-19 Crisis Triage – Optimizing Health Outcomes and Disability Rights,” The New England Journal of Medicine, May 19, 2020.

Criteria and Methods for Priority Setting

Cylus et al., “Who should be vaccinated first? Comparing vaccine prioritization strategies in Israel and European countries using the Covid-19 Health System Response Monitor”, Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, February 19, 2021.

Norheim et al., “Difficult trade-offs in response to COVID-19: the case for open and inclusive decision making”, Nature Medicine, December 18, 2020.

Harris J, “Combatting Covid-19. Or, “All persons are equal but some persons are more equal than others?”, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, November 2020.

Anita Ho and Iulia Dascalu, “Global Disparity and Solidarity in a Pandemic,” Hastings Center Report, June 29, 2020.

Chiara Mannelli, “Whose Life to Save? Scarce Resources Allocation in the COVID-19 Outbreak,” Journal of Medical Ethics, April 9, 2020.

Julian Savulescu, James Cameron, and Dominic Wilkinson, “Equality or Utility? Ethics and Law of Rationing Ventilators,” British Journal of Anaesthesia, April 20, 2020.

Amy Solnica, Leonid Barski, and Alan Jotkowitz, “Allocation of Scarce Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Jewish Ethical Perspective,” Journal of Medical Ethics, April 10, 2020.

Marcel Verweij, “Moral Principles for Allocating Scarce Medical Resources in an Influenza Pandemic,” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 6 (2009): 159-169.

Thomas J. Bollyky, Lawrence O. Gostin, and Margaret A. Hamburg, “The Equitable Distribution of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Vaccines,” JAMA, May 7, 2020.

Govind Persad, Alan Wertheimer, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel, “Principles for Allocation of Scarce Medical Interventions,” The Lancet, January 31, 2009

Jane H. Williams and Angus Dawson, “Prioritising Access to Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: A Review of the Ethics Literature,” BMC Medical Ethics, May 14, 2020.

Govind Persad, Alan Wertheimer, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel, “Principles for Allocation of Scarce Medical Interventions,” The Lancet, January 31, 2009

Catherine L. Auriemma et al., “Eliminating Categorical Exclusion Criteria in Crisis Standards of Care Frameworks,” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 18, 2020.

David Ian Jeffrey, “Relational Ethical Approaches to the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 10, 2020.

Amy L. McGuire et al., “Ethical Challenges Arising in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview from the Association of Bioethics Program Directors (ABPD) Task Force,” The American Journal of Bioethics, June 8, 2020.

Vicki Xafis et al., “The Perfect Moral Storm: Diverse Ethical Considerations in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Asian Bioethics Review, May 28, 2020.

Angela Ballantyne et al., “Revisiting the Equity Debate in COVID-19: ICU is no Panacea,” Journal of Medical Ethics, June 22, 2020.

Denise M. Dudzinski, Benjamin Y. Hoisington, and Crystal E. Brown, “Ethics Lessons from Seattle’s Early Experience with COVID-19,” The American Journal of Bioethics, June 18, 2020.

Leniza de Castro-Hamoy and Leonardo D. de Castro, “Age Matters but it Should Not be Used to Discriminate Against the Elderly in Allocating Scarce Resources in the Context of COVID-19,” Asian Bioethics Review, June 16, 2020.

Nancy S. Jecker, Aaron G. Wightman, and Douglas S. Diekema, “Prioritizing Frontline Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 13, 2020.

Barbara Pfeffer Billauer, “The Bioethics of COVID19 Care in the Elderly: Ventilation and Vaccines,” Available at SSRN, July 9, 2020.

Alberto Giubilini, Julian Savulescu, and Dominic Wilkinson, “COVID-19 Vaccine: Vaccinate the Young to Protect the Old?” Journal of Law and the Biosciences, June 26, 2020.

Leslie Wolf and Wendy Hensel, “Valuing Lives: Allocating Scarce Medical Resources During a Public Health Emergency and the Americans with Disabilities Act,” PLoS Currents 3 (2011).

Kristy Buccieri and Stephen Gaetz, “Ethical Vaccine Distribution Planning for Pandemic Influenza: Prioritizing Homeless and Hard-to-Reach Populations,” Public Health Ethics 6 (2013): 185-196.

Marlyse F. Haward, “Should Extremely Premature Babies Get Ventilators During the COVID-19 Crisis?” The American Journal of Bioethics, May 13, 2020.

Management and Priority Setting

Binagwaho A, Mathewos K, Davis S, Time for the ethical management of COVID-19 vaccines, The Lancet, August 2021.

Hooper J. et al., “Addressing the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: learning from a systematic review of early interventions for frontline responders”, BMJ Open, May 2021.

Bose et al., “The Cost of Quarantine – Projecting the Financial Impact of Canceled Elective Surgery on the Nation’s Hospitals”, Annals of Surgery, May 2021.

Baker et al., “Case Management on the Front Lines of COVID-19: The Importance of the Individualized Care Plan Across Care Settings”, Professional Case Management, March 01, 2021.

Kamar et al., “Challenge of forecasting demand of medical resources and supplies during a pandemic: A comparative evaluation of three surge calculators for COVID-19”, Epidemiology & Infection, February 03, 2021.

Maduke et al., “Are We Coping Well with COVID-19? A Study on Its Psycho-Social Impact on Front-line Healthcare Workers”, Missouri Medicine, January 2021.

Udo Schuklenk, “COVID19: Why Justice and Transparency in Hospital Triage Policies are Paramount,” Bioethics, April 1, 2020

Lisa Rosenbaum, “Facing COVID-19 in Italy – Ethics, Logistics, and Therapeutics on the Epidemic’s Front Line,” NEJM, March 18, 2020.

Samuel R. Bagenstos, “May Hospitals Withhold Ventilators from COVID-19 Patients with Pre-Existing Disabilities? Notes on the Law and Ethics of Disability-Based Medical Rationing,” Yale Law Journal Forum, March 27, 2020.

Donna Levin et al., “Altered Standards of Care During an Influenza Pandemic: Identifying Ethical, Legal, and Practical Principles to Guide Decision Making,” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3 (2009): S132-S140.

I. Glenn Cohen, Andrew M. Crespo, and Douglas B. White, “Potential Legal Liability for Withdrawing or Withholding Ventilators During COVID-19: Assessing the Risks and Identifying Needed Reforms,” JAMA, April 1, 2020.

Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Policy Briefing: Key Challenges for Ensuring Fair and Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines and Treatments, May 29, 2020.

Population Level Priority Setting

Agorastos et al., “The need for holistic, longitudinal and comparable, real-time assessment of the emotional, behavioral and societal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across nations”, Psychiatriki, March 08, 2021.

Itamar Megiddo, “Fairer Financing of Vaccines in a World Living with COVID-19,” BMJ Global Health, July 15, 2020.

R. Thomas Day et al., “From Ventilators to Vaccines: Reframing the Ethics of Resource Allocation,” Bioethics.net, June 11, 2020.

Sridhar Venkatapuram, “How Should We Allocate Health and Social Resources During a Pandemic?” in Vulnerable: The Law, Policy, and Ethics of COVID-19, edited by Colleen Flood et al., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, July 14, 2020.

Maxwell Smith and Ross Upshur, “Pandemic Disease, Public Health, and Ethics,” in The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, edited by Anna C. Mastroianni, Jeffrey P. Kahn, and Nancy E. Kass (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).

Alison K. Thompson et al. “Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: An Ethical Framework to Guide Decision-making,” BMC Medical Ethics 7 (2006):1-11.

University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, Stand on Guard for Thee: Ethical Considerations in Preparedness Planning for Pandemic Influenza, November 2005.

Scott Y. H. Kim and Christine Grady, “Ethics in the Time of COVID: What Remains the Same and What is Different,” Neurology, April 6, 2020.

Evidence Based Priority Setting